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© 2009
E-Mail: gkilli@aol.com
Triennial
Cycle (Triennial Torah Cycle) / Septennial Cycle (Septennial Torah Cycle)
|
Three and 1/2 year
Lectionary Readings |
Second
Year of the Reading Cycle |
|
Heshvan 27, 5770 – Nov. 13/14 , 2009 |
Second
Year of the Shmita Cycle |
Candle Lighting
and Havdalah Times:
|
Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. Friday Nov. 13, 2009 – Candles at 5:18 PM Saturday Nov. 14, 2009 – Havdalah 6:14 PM |
San Antonio, Texas, U.S. Friday Nov. 13, 2009 – Candles at 5:22 PM Saturday Nov. 14, 2009 – Havdalah 6:17 PM |
|
Baton Rouge & Alexandria, Louisiana, U.S. Friday Nov. 13, 2009 – Candles at 4:51 PM Saturday Nov. 14, 2009 – Havdalah 5:46 PM |
Sheboygan
& Manitowoc, Wisconsin US Friday Nov. 13, 2009 – Candles at 4:10 PM Saturday Nov. 14, 2009 – Havdalah 5:13 PM |
|
Bowling Green, Kentucky, U.S. Friday Nov. 13, 2009 – Candles at 4:20 PM Saturday Nov. 14, 2009 – Havdalah 5:18 PM |
Brisbane, Australia Friday Nov. 13, 2009 – Candles at 5:56 PM Saturday Nov. 14, 2009 – Havdalah 6:53 PM |
|
Chattanooga,
& Cleveland, Tennessee, US Friday Nov. 13, 2009 – Candles at 5:19 PM Saturday Nov. 14, 2009 – Havdalah 6:16 PM |
Bucharest, Romania Friday Nov. 13, 2009 – Candles at 4:33 PM Saturday Nov. 14, 2009 – Havdalah 5:36 PM |
|
Miami, Florida, US Friday Nov. 13, 2009 – Candles at 5:15 PM Saturday Nov. 14, 2009 – Havdalah 6:08 PM |
Jakarta, Indonesia Friday Nov. 13, 2009 – Candles at 5:31 PM Saturday Nov. 14, 2009 – Havdalah 6:21 PM |
|
Murray & Paducah Kent., & Paris, Tenn. U.S. Friday Nov. 13, 2009 – Candles at 4:35 PM Saturday Nov. 14, 2009 – Havdalah 5:32 PM |
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Friday Nov. 13, 2009 – Candles at 6:39 PM Saturday Nov. 14, 2009 – Havdalah 7:29 PM |
|
New London, Connecticut USA Friday Nov. 13, 2009 – Candles at 4:05 PM Saturday Nov. 14, 2009 – Havdalah 5:06 PM |
Manila
& Cebu, Philippines Friday Nov. 13, 2009 – Candles at 5:07 PM Saturday Nov. 14, 2009 – Havdalah 5:58 PM |
|
Olympia, Washington, U.S. Friday Nov. 13, 2009 – Candles at 4:22 PM Saturday Nov. 14, 2009 – Havdalah 5:27 PM |
Singapore, Singapore Friday Nov. 13, 2009 – Candles at 6:33 PM Saturday Nov. 14, 2009 – Havdalah 7:23 PM |
|
Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania USA Friday Nov. 13, 2009 – Candles at 4:29 PM Saturday Nov. 14, 2009 – Havdalah 5:28 PM |
|
For other places see: http://chabad.org/calendar/candlelighting.asp
Roll of Honor:
This Torah commentary comes to you courtesy of:
His Honor Rosh Paqid Adon Hillel ben David and
beloved wife HH Giberet Batsheva bat Sarah
His Honor Paqid Adon Mikha ben Hillel
His Honor Paqid Adon David ben Abraham
Her Excellency Giberet Sarai bat Sarah & beloved
family,
His Excellency Adon Barth Lindemann & beloved
family,
His Excellency Adon John Batchelor & beloved wife,
His Excellency Adon Ezra ben Abraham and
beloved wife HE Giberet Karmela bat Sarah,
Her Excellency Giberet Alitah bat Sarah
His Excellency Adon Stephen Legge and
beloved wife HE Giberet Angela Legge
His Excellency Adon Yoel ben Abraham and
beloved wife HE Giberet Miryam bat Sarah
His Excellency Rev. Dr. Adon Chad Foster and
beloved wife HE Giberet Tricia Foster
His Excellency Adon Yisrael ben Abraham and
beloved wife HE Giberet Elisheva bat Sarah
Her Excellency Giberet Laurie Taylor
His Excellency Adon Dr. Walter Oakley and
beloved wife HE Giberet Dr. Elizabeth Oakley
For their regular and sacrificial giving, providing
the best oil for the lamps, we pray that G-d’s richest blessings be upon their
lives and those of their loved ones, together with all Yisrael and her Torah
Scholars, amen ve amen!
Also a great thank you and great blessings be upon all
who send comments to the list about the contents and commentary of the weekly
Torah Seder and allied topics.
If you want to subscribe to our list and ensure that
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Shabbat Mevar’chim HaChodesh
Kislev
Sabbath of the Proclamation of
the New Moon for the Month of Kislev
(Evening Monday Nov. 16th
– Evening Wednesday Nov. 18th)
Shabbat |
Torah
Reading: |
Weekday
Torah Reading: |
|
נְטֵה
אֶת-מַטְּךָ |
|
|
|
“N’teh Et-Mat’kha” |
Reader 1 – Sh’mot 8:16-21 |
Reader 1 – Sh’mot 10:1-3 |
|
“Stretch out your staff” |
Reader 2 – Sh’mot 8:22-28 |
Reader 2 – Sh’mot 10:4-7 |
|
“Extiende tu vara” |
Reader 3 – Sh’mot 8:29-32 |
Reader 3 – Sh’mot 10:8-11 |
|
Shemot
(Exodus) Ex 8:16 – 9:35 Num. 28:9-15 |
Reader 4 – Sh’mot 9:1-7 |
|
|
Ashlamatah: Isaiah
34:11 – 35:2, 10 Isaiah
66:1,23 |
Reader 5 – Sh’mot 9:8-12 |
|
|
|
Reader 6 – Sh’mot 9:13-21 |
Reader 1 – Sh’mot 10:1-3 |
|
Psalm
47:1-10 |
Reader 7 – Sh’mot 9:22-35 |
Reader 2 – Sh’mot 10:4-7 |
|
|
Maftir – B’Midbar 28:9-15 |
Reader 3 – Sh’mot 10:8-11 |
|
N.C.: Mark
6:33-44 |
Isaiah 34:11 – 35:2, 10 Isaiah 66:1,23 |
|
Rashi
& Targumim for: Sh’mot (Exodus) 8:16
– 9:35
|
RASHI |
TARGUM PSEUDO
JONATHAN |
TARGUM NEOFITI |
|
16. Adonai
said to Moshe, "Say to Aharon, Extend your rod and strike the dust of
the earth; and it will turn into lice throughout the whole land of
Egypt." |
16. And the
Lord said to Mosheh, Speak unto Aharon, Lift up your rod and smite the dust
of the earth, and it will become venomous insects in all the land of Mizraim.
But it shall not be by you that the ground will be smitten, because therein
for you was (the means of) safety when you had slain the Mizraite and it
received him. |
16. And the
Lord said to Moses:”Say to Aaron: <Incline> your staff and strike the
dust of the earth, and it will become vermin in all the land of Egypt.” |
|
17. They did
so. Aharon extended his hand with his rod and struck the dust of the earth,
and there was lice on man and beast. All the dust of the earth turned into
lice throughout the whole land of Egypt. |
17. And they
did so, and Aharon lifted up his hand with his rod, and smote the dust of the
ground, and it became a plague of venomous insects upon the flesh of men and
of cattle; all the dust of the earth was changed to become insects, in all
the land of Mizraim. |
17. And they
did thus; and Aaron inclined his hand with the staff and struck the
dust of the earth, and there was vermin in all the sons of man and on
the beast. All the dust of the land became vermin in all the land of Egypt. |
|
18. The
sorcerers did likewise with their magic art. They tried to bring forth lice
but they could not, and there were lice on man and beast. |
18. And the
astrologers wrought with their burnings to bring forth the insects, but were
not able; and the plague of insects prevailed upon men and upon cattle. |
18. And the
sorcerers did likewise by their sorceries, (trying) to make vermin come out,
but they could not. And there was vermin in man and beast. |
|
19. The
sorcerers said to Pharaoh, "This is the finger of Elohim;" but
Pharaoh's heart remained hardened and he did not listen to them, as Adonai
had spoken. |
19. And the
astrologers said to Pharaoh, This is not by the power or strength of Mosheh
and Aharon; but this is a plague sent from before the Lord. Yet the design of
Pharaoh's heart was strengthened, and he would not hearken to them, as the
Lord had said. |
19. And the
sorcerers said to Pharaoh: "This is the finger of might from before the
Lord." And the heart of Pharaoh was hardened, and he did not hearken to
them, as the Lord had spoken. |
|
20. Adonai
said to Moshe, "Rise up early in the morning and set yourself before
Pharaoh, when he goes out to the water, and say to him, 'This is what Adonai
has said, 'Send out My people so they may worship Me. |
20.
And the Lord spoke to Mosheh, Arise in the morning, and stand before Pharaoh:
behold, be goes forth to observe divinations at the water, as a magician; and
you will say to him, Thus says the Lord, Emancipate My people, that they may
worship before Me; |
20. And the
Lord said to Moses: "Arise early in the morning and be in readiness
before Pharaoh; behold, he comes out to refresh himself by the river; and you
will say to him: 'Thus says the Lord:
"Let my people go so that they may worship before Me. |
|
21. For if
you do not send out My people, behold, I will send against you and your
servants, and your nation, and your houses, swarms of wild animals. The
houses of Egypt will be full of the wild animals, and so too the ground upon
which they stand. |
21. but if you wilt
not set My people free, behold, I will stir up among you, and your servants,
and your people, and your house, a mixed multitude of wild beasts [JERUSALEM.
A commixture,] and the houses of the Mizraee will be filled with a swarm of
wild beasts, and they will be upon the land also. |
21. If you do
not let my people go, behold, I unleash against you and your rulers and your
people and the men of your house a mixed swarm (of gnats); and the houses of
the Egyptians will be filled with the swarm (of gnats), and (also) the land
in which they dwell. |
|
22. On that
day, I will set apart the land of Goshen upon which My people stand [dwell],
so that there will not be any wild animals there, so that you will know that
I am Adonai in the midst of the earth. |
22. And I will do
wonders that day in the land of Goshen where My people dwell, that there no
swarms of wild beasts will be; that you may
know that I the Lord am the Ruler in the midst of the land. |
22. And I
will do signs and wonderful things on that day with the land of Goshen, upon
which my people dwell, so that no swarm (of gnats) will be there, so that you
may know that I am the Lord whose Memra dwells within the land. |
|
23. I will
set a [sign of] deliverance (distinction) between My people and between your
people. This sign will take place tomorrow." |
23. And I will appoint redemption for My people, and upon
your people will I lay the plague: tomorrow this sign will be. |
23. And I
will set redemption between My people and your people. Tomorrow will this
sign be. |
|
24. Adonai
did so. Huge throngs of wild animals came to the house of Pharaoh and the
houses of his servants. Throughout the whole land of Egypt the land was
devastated by the wild animals. |
24. And the Lord did
so; and sent the mixed multitude of wild beasts in strength to the house of Pharaoh,
and to the house of his servants and in all the land of Mizraim the
inhabitants of the land were devastated from the swarm of wild beasts. |
24.
And the Lord did so. And there
came a great swarm (of gnats) into the palace of Pharaoh and into the houses
of his rulers and in all the land of Egypt. And the land was destroyed before
the swarm (of gnats). |
|
25. Pharaoh
called for Moshe and Aharon, and he said, "Go! Sacrifice to your G-d
[here] in the land." |
25. And Pharaoh called
to Mosheh and to Aharon., saying, Go, worship with festival sacrifices before
the Lord your God in this land. |
25. And
Pharaoh called Moses and Aaron and said: "Go, sacrifice before the Lord
your God in the land of Egypt." |
|
26. Moshe
said, "It would not be proper to do so. For that which is abominable
[sacred] to Egypt we intend to sacrifice to Adonai, our G-d. Could we
sacrifice the abomination of the Egyptians before their eyes and not have
them stone us? |
26. But Mosheh said,
It will not be right to do so; because we will take sheep, which are the
abomination of the Mizraee, and offer them before the Lord our God. Behold if
we offer the abomination of the Mizraee before them, they would stone us with
stones as an act of justice. |
26. And Moses
said; "It is not right to do so, because the idols of the Egyptians are
an abomination, from which we must take to sacrifice before the Lord, our
God. Behold, if we sacrifice the idols of the Egyptians in their presence, it
is impossible that they should not stone us. |
|
27. We must
make a three day trip into the wilderness, and sacrifice to Adonai, our G-d,
in the manner that He will tell us." |
27. We will go three
days journey into the wilderness to offer the festival sacrifices before our
God, as He has bidden us. |
27. We will
go a journey distance of three days in the wilderness and sacrifice before
the Lord, our God, as he has spoken to us." |
|
28. Pharaoh,
said, "I will send you out so that you may sacrifice to Adonai, your G-d
in the wilderness, as long as you do not go too far away. Pray for me." |
28. And Pharaoh said,
I will release you to sacrifice before the Lord your God in the wilderness,
only you will not go to a greater distance. Pray, (too,) for me. |
28. And
<Pharaoh> said: "Behold, I let you go, and you will sacrifice
before the Lord, your God, in the wilderness. Only that you will not go very
far distant. Pray also for me." |
|
29. Moshe
said, "Behold, when I leave your presence I will pray to Adonai, and the
wild animals will depart from Pharaoh, and from his servants and from his
people, tomorrow. But let Pharaoh never again deceive us [by] refusing to
send the people to sacrifice to Adonai." |
29. And Mosheh said, I
will go forth from you, and pray before the Lord to remove the swarm of wild
beasts from Pharaoh, and from his servants, and from his people, tomorrow; only let not Pharaoh add to deceive, in not releasing
the people to offer the festal sacrifices before the Lord. |
29. And Moses
said: "Behold, I go out from your presence, and we will pray before the
Lord, and He will make the mixed swarm (of gnats) pass from Pharaoh and from
his rulers and from the people tomorrow. Only let Pharaoh not lie again by
not letting the people go that they may sacrifice before the Lord." |
|
30. Moshe
went out from Pharaoh['s presence] and prayed to Adonai. |
30. And Mosheh went
out from Pharaoh, and prayed before the Lord; |
30. And Moses
went out from the presence of Pharaoh and prayed before the Lord. |
|
31. Adonai
did as Moshe spoke [requested]. He caused the wild animals to depart from
Pharaoh from his servants and from his people. Not a single one remained. |
31. and the Lord did
according to the word of the prayer of Mosheh, and removed the swarm of wild
beasts from Pharaoh, and from his servants, and from his people; not one was
left. |
31. And the
Lord did according to the words of Moses and made the swarm (of gnats) pass
from Pharaoh and from his rulers and from the people, and not even one
remained. |
|
32. But
Pharaoh hardened his heart again, this time and he did not send out the
people. |
32. Yet did Pharaoh
strengthen the design of his heart this time also, and released not the
people. |
32. And
Pharaoh hardened his heart also this time. |
|
|
|
|
|
1. Adonai
said to Moshe, "Go to Pharaoh and say to him, 'This is what Adonai, G-d
of the Hebrews has said, Send out My people and let them serve Me. |
1. And the
Lord said to Mosheh, Go in to Pharaoh, and say to him, Thus says the Lord,
the God of the Jehudaee, Emancipate My people, that they may worship before
Me. |
1. And the
Lord a said to Moses: "Go in to Pharaoh and say to him: 'Thus says the
Lord, the God of the Jews: "Let my people go so that they may worship before
Me. |
|
2. For if you
refuse to send them out, and continue holding them; |
2. But if you
refuse to release, and hitherto you have constrained them, |
2. Because
(if) you refuse to let (them) go and still detain (them), |
|
3. behold,
the hand of Adonai is directed at your livestock that are in the field---
upon the horses, the donkeys, the camels, the cattle and the sheep--- there
will be a very heavy [serious] plague. |
3. behold,
the stroke of the Lord's hand will be as it has not been yet, upon your
cattle that are in the field, upon the horses, and upon the asses, upon the
camels, oxen, and sheep, with a very mighty death. [JERUSALEM.
Great conturbation.] |
3. behold,
the plagues of My punishment will be upon the cattle of the field, the horses
and the donkeys, the camels, the oxen and the sheep - a very strong plague. |
|
4. Adonai
will distinguish between the livestock of the [B'ne] Yisrael and the
livestock of Egypt. None belonging to the B'ne Yisrael will die.' " |
4. And the
Lord will work wonders between the flocks of Israel and the flocks of the
Mizraee, that not any of those which belong to the sons of Israel will die. |
4. And the
Lord will make a distinction between the cattle of the Egyptians and the
cattle of Israel, and nothing whatsoever will die from all that belongs to
the children of Israel." |
|
5. Adonai has
set a time, saying, Tomorrow Adonai will do this thing in the land. |
5. And the
Lord set a time, saying, Tomorrow will the Lord do this thing in the land. |
5. And the
Lord a set a time, saying: "Tomorrow the Lord will do this thing in the
land." |
|
6. Adonai did
this thing on the next day, and all the livestock in Egypt died, but of the
livestock of the B'nei Yisrael, not one died. |
6. And the
Lord did that thing the day after, and all the cattle of the Mizraee died;
but of the cattle of the sons of Israel died not one. |
6. And the
Lord did this thing on the following day; and all the cattle of the Egyptians
died, and not even one died from the cattle of the children of Israel. |
|
7. Pharaoh
sent [scouts] and behold not a single animal of the B'ne Yisrael died. The
heart of Pharaoh remained hard and he did not send out the people. |
7. And Pharaoh
sent certain to look; and, behold, not one of the cattle of the sons of
Israel had died, not even one. But the disposition of Pharaoh, heart was
aggravated, and he would not release the people. |
7. And
Pharaoh sent and, behold, not as much as one had died from the cattle of
Israel; but the heart of Pharaoh was hardened, and he did not let the people
go. |
|
8. Adonai
spoke to Moshe and Aharon, "Both of you take full handfuls of furnace
soot and let Moshe throw it heavenward before the eyes of Pharaoh. |
8. And the
Lord said to Mosheh and to Aharon, Take with you hands-full of fine ashes from the furnace, and let Mosheh
sprinkle them towards the height of
the heavens in the sight of Pharaoh. |
8. And the
Lord said to Moses and Aaron: "Take handfuls of ashes from the oven and
throw them towards the heavens before Pharaoh. |
|
9. It will
become a fine dust [and settle] over the whole land of Egypt. It will settle
on man and beast causing a rash which will break out into boils [affecting]
the whole land of Egypt." |
9. And the
dust will be upon all the land of Mizraim, upon man and upon beast, for a
boil, producing tumors in all the land of Mizraim [JERUSALEM. Tumors.] |
9. And it
will become dust upon all the land of Egypt, and upon the sons of man and
upon beast it will become an inflammation (that) breaks through, producing
blisters, in all :he land of Egypt." |
|
10. They took
the furnace soot and stood before Pharaoh. Moshe threw it heavenward, and it
caused a rash which broke into boils in man and beast. |
10. And they
took ashes of the furnace, and arose to meet Pharaoh; and Mosheh sprinkled
them towards the height of the heavens; and there came a boil multiplying
tumors upon man and beast. |
10. And they
took the ashes of the oven and stood before Pharaoh, and Moses threw them
towards the heavens, and they became an inflammation that broke out,
producing blisters, in the sons of man and in beast. |
|
11. The
sorcerers could not stand before Moshe as a result of the rash, for the rash
affected the sorcerers as well as all of Egypt. |
11. And the
astrologers could not stand before Mosheh, on account of the boil; for the
plague of the boil was upon the astrologers, and upon all the Mizraee. |
11. And the
sorcerers were not able to stand before Moses because of the inflammation,
because there was inflammation on the sorcerers and on all the Egyptians. |
|
12. Adonai
caused Pharaoh's heart to remain hard and he did not listen to them just as Adonai
had spoken to Moshe. |
12. And the
Lord hardened the design of Pharaoh's heart, and he would not hearken to
them, as the Lord had said to Mosheh. |
12. And the
Lord hardened the heart of Pharaoh, and he did not listen to them, as the
Lord had spoken with Moses. |
|
13. Adonai
said to Moshe, "Rise early in the morning and stand before Pharaoh, and
say to him, 'This is what Adonai, G-d of the Hebrews, has said, "Send
out My people and let them serve Me. |
13. And the
Lord said to Mosheh, Arise in the morning, and place yourself before Pharaoh,
and say to him, Thus says the Lord, the God of the Jehudaee, Emancipate My
people, that they may worship before Me. |
13. And the
Lord said to Moses: "Arise early in the morning and be in readiness
before Pharaoh and say to him: 'Thus said the Lord, the God of the Jews:
"Let the people go that they may worship before Me. |
|
14. For this
time, I will send all My plagues against your [very] heart. [They will
strike] your servants and your people, so that you will know that there is
none like Me in all the earth. |
14. For at
this time I will send upon you a plague from the heavens, and all My plagues
wherewith I have plagued you, you will cause to return upon your heart, and
upon your servants, and upon your people, (plagues) which have been sent from
before Me, and not from the magic of the sons of men, that you may know that
there is none like Me in all the earth. |
14. Because
this time, behold, I will send all My plagues upon your heart, on your rulers
and your people so that you may know that there is not like to Me in all the
land. |
|
15. For now I
[could] have extended My hand, and struck you and your people with the
pestilence, and you would have been obliterated from the earth. |
15. Now could
I send the plague of My strength by judgment (or, with justice) to strike you
and your people with death, and destroy you from the earth; |
15. Because
(even) now I had (almost) sent the plagues of My punishment and blotted out
you and your people by the pestilence; and you will be blotted out, 0
Pharaoh, from the earth." |
|
16.
Nevertheless, for this reason I have let you survive--- to show you My
strength--- so that My Name will be declared throughout all the earth. |
16. but
verily I have spared you alive, not that I may benefit you, but that My power
may be made manifest to you, and that My Holy Name may be made known in all
the earth. |
16. But, not
that it go well with you have I kept you alive until now; but for this reason
have I kept you alive until now: to show you the might of My strength and so
that you may recount My Holy Name in all the land. |
|
17. But you
are still oppressing My people refusing to send them out. |
17. Hitherto
have you tyrannized over My people, instead of releasing them. [JERUSALEM.
Relentlessly.] |
17. Behold,
until now you lord it over my people, not letting them go. |
|
18. Tomorrow
at this time, I will cause it to rain a tremendously heavy hail. There was
never anything like it in Egypt, from the time it was founded until now. |
18. Behold,
at this time tomorrow I will cause to come down from the treasures of the
heavens a mighty hail, the like of which has never been in Mizraim since the
day when men were settled upon it until now. |
18. Behold,
at (this) hour tomorrow I will make very strong hail descend the like of
which was not in Egypt from the day it was founded until now. |
|
19. Now send
[word] and gather [shelter] your livestock and all that you have in the
field. Any man or beast that is found [remains] in the field and will not be
brought into the house [indoors]--- the hail will descend upon them and they
will die." |
19. But now
send, gather together your flocks, and all that you have in the field (for)
upon all men and cattle that are found in the field, and not gathered
together within the house, will the hail come down, and they will die. |
19. And now,
send, gather your cattle and all that belongs to you on the face of the
field, all men and beasts that are left in the field. If they are not
gathered within the house, the hail will
come down upon them and they will die. |
|
20. He that
feared the word of Adonai among Pharaoh's servants, made his servants and his
livestock flee into the houses [indoors]. |
20. Iob,
(Job,) who reverenced the Word of the Lord, among the servants of Pharaoh,
gathered together his servants and his flocks within the house. |
20. Anyone of
Pharaoh's rulers who feared before the Lord chased his servants and his
cattle within the house. |
|
21. But he
whose heart did not heed the word of Adonai, left his servants and his
livestock in the field. |
21. But
Bileam, who did not set his heart upon the Word of the Lord, left his
servants and his flocks in the field. |
21. And
whosoever paid no attention to the words of the Lord left his servants and
his cattle in the open field. |
|
22. Adonai
said to Moshe, "Extend your hand toward the heavens, and there will be
hail throughout the land of Egypt--- on man and on beast, and upon all the
vegetation in the land of Egypt." |
22. And the
Lord said to Mosheh, Uplift your hand towards the height of the heavens, and
there will be hail on all the land of Mizraim, upon men, and upon beasts, and
upon every herb of the field in the land of Mizraim. |
22. And the
Lord said to Moses: "Incline <your hand> to the heavens that there
may be hail, in all the land of Egypt, upon the sons of man, upon the beast,
and upon every plant in the open field in the land of Egypt." |
|
23. Moshe
extended his rod toward the heavens, and Adonai sent thunder and hail, and
fire came streaming down upon the earth. Adonai caused it to rain hail on the
land of Egypt. |
23. And
Mosheh lifted up his rod toward the height of the heavens, and the Lord gave
forth thunders and hailstones with flaming, fire upon the ground; the Lord
made the hail descend upon the land of Mizraim. |
23. And Moses
inclined his staff to the heavens, and the Lord gave thunder and hail, and
fire walked within the land, and the Lord made hail come down upon the land
of Egypt. |
|
24. There was
hail and fire [lightning] flashing among the hailstones. It was an extremely
heavy [downfall]. There had never been anything like it in all the land of
Egypt since it became a nation. |
24. And there
was hail, and fire darting among the hail with exceeding force: unto it had
never been the like in all the land of Mizraim ever since it was a nation and
a kingdom. |
24. And there
was strong hail, and the fire was leaping in the midst of the hail: very
strong, the like of which there was not in the land of Egypt from the time it
became a nation and a kingdom. |
|
25. The hail struck throughout the whole land
of Egypt, [killing] all that was in the field [outdoors]--- both man and
beast. All the vegetation in the fields was struck by the hail and every tree
in the fields was shattered. |
25. And the
hail smote in all the land of Mizraim whatsoever was in the field, of men and
of cattle, and all the herbage of the field the hail smote, and every tree of
the field it shattered and uprooted. |
25. And in all the land of Egypt the hail
blotted out all that was in the open field, from the sons of man to beast;
and every plant that was in the open field the hail blotted out, and all the
trees that were in the open field it broke. |
|
26. Only in
the land of Goshen where the B'ne Yisrael were, there was no hail. |
26. Only in
the land of Goshen, where the children of Israel were, there was no hail. |
26. Only in
the land of Goshen, where the children of Israel dwelt, there was no hail. |
|
27. Pharaoh
sent, and called for Moshe and Aharon, and he said to them, "This time I
have sinned. Adonai is the righteous One and I and my people are the sinners. |
27. And
Pharaoh sent certain to call Mosheh and Aharon; and he said to them, This
time I have sinned. I know that the Lord is a righteous God, and that I and
my people have deserved every one of these plagues. |
27. And
Pharaoh sent and called Moses and Aaron and said to them: "I have
sinned this time; the Lord is
just, and Pharaoh and his people are guilty. |
|
28. Pray to Adonai.
There has been enough of G-d's thunder and hail. I will send you out without
further delay." |
28. Intercede
before the Lord, that with Him it may be enough, and there may be no more
maledictory thunders nor hail from the presence of the Lord; and I will
release you, and no longer hinder. |
28. Pray
before the Lord that he withhold the thunder from before the Lord and the
hail, and I will let you go and you will stay no longer." |
|
29. Moshe
said to him, "When I leave the city, I will spread my hands [in prayer]
to Adonai. The thunder will cease and their will be no more hail, so that you
will know that the earth belongs to Adonai. |
29. And
Mosheh said to him, When I have gone out from thee into the city, I will
outspread my hands in prayer before the Lord, and the thunders will cease,
and there will be no more hail; that you may know that the earth is the
Lord's. |
29. And Moses
said to him: "As I go out of the city I will stretch out the palms of my
hands before the Lord; the thunders will be withheld, and there will be no
more hail so that you may know that the earth is of the Lord. |
|
30. But
regarding you and your servants, I know that you are not yet in fear of Adonai,
Elohim. |
30. But I
know that you and your servants release the people, they will have to be
afraid before the Lord God. |
30. But (as
for) you and your rulers, I know that formerly you feared before the Lord our
God. |
|
31. The
flax and barley have been broken since the barley was ripe, and the flax had
formed into stalks. |
31. And
the flax and the barley were beaten down, because the barley was in the ear,
and the flax was making pods. [JERUSALEM.
The flax was (making) pods, for it had cast its flowers.] |
31. And
the flax and the barley were beaten down, because the barley was early and
the flax was in bud and had shed" its blossom. |
|
32. But
neither the wheat or the spelt were broken since they are late in
sprouting." |
32. But
the wheat and the spelt were not smitten, because they are later. |
32. But
the wheat and the spelt h were not beaten down, because they were late.
|
|
33. Moshe
[then] left Pharaoh's presence, and left the city. He spread his hands [in
prayer] to Adonai. The thunder ceased, and the hail and the rain did not
reach the earth. |
33. And
Mosheh and Aharon went out from Pharaoh to the suburb, and he stretched out
his hands in prayer before the Lord, and the thunders of the curse were
withheld, and the hail and rain that were descending came not on the earth. |
33. And Moses
went out of the city; from the presence of Pharaoh and spread out the palm of
his hands before the Lord; and the thunder and the hail were withheld, and
rain did not come down on the earth. |
|
34. [When]
Pharaoh saw that the rain, and the hail and the thunder ceased, he continued
his sin[ful ways]. He and his servants hardened their hearts. |
34. And Pharaoh
saw that the rain and hail and the thunders of the curse had ended, and he
added to sin, and made strong the design of his heart, both he and his
servants. |
34. And when
Pharaoh saw that the thunder and the rain and the hail had ceased, he sinned
yet again and his heart was hardened, he and his rulers. |
|
35. Pharaoh's
heart was strengthened, and he did not send the B'ne Yisrael out. This was
just as Adonai had spoken through Moshe. |
35. And Pharaoh's
heart was made obstinate, and he would not release the children of Israel, as
the Lord had said through Mosheh. |
35. And the
heart of Pharaoh was hardened, and he did not let the children of Israel go,
as the Lord had spoken with Moses. |
|
|
|
|
Rashi
& Targum Pseudo Jonathan for: B’Midbar (Num.) 28:9-15
|
RASHI |
TARGUM PSEUDO
JONATHAN |
|
9.
On the Shabbat day [the offering will be] two yearling lambs without blemish,
and two tenths [of an ephah] of fine flour as a meal-offering, mixed with
[olive] oil, and its libation. |
9.
but on the day of Shabbat two lambs of the year without blemish, and two
tenths of flour mixed with olive oil for the mincha and its libation. |
|
10.
This is the burnt-offering on its Shabbat, in addition to the constant
(daily) burnt-offering and its libation. |
10.
On the Sabbath you will make a Sabbath burnt sacrifice in addition to the
perpetual burnt sacrifice and its libation. |
|
11.
At the beginning of your months you will bring a burnt-offering to Adonai,
two young bulls, one ram, seven yearling lambs, [all] without blemish. |
11. And
at the beginning of your months you will offer a burnt sacrifice before the
LORD; two young bullocks, without mixture, one ram, lambs of the year seven,
unblemished; |
|
12.
And three tenths [of an ephah] of fine flour as a meal-offering mixed with
the [olive] oil for each bull, two tenths [of an ephah] of fine flour as a
meal-offering, mixed with the [olive] oil for the one ram, |
12.
and three tenths of flour mingled with oil for the mincha for one bullock;
two tenths of flour with olive oil for the mincha of the one ram; |
|
13.
And one tenth [of an ephah] of fine flour as a meal-offering mixed with the
[olive] oil for each lamb. A burnt-offering of pleasing aroma, a
fire-offering to Adonai. |
13.
and one tenth of flour with olive oil for the mincha for each lamb of the
burnt offering, an oblation to be received with favour before the LORD. |
|
14.
Their libations [will be], one half of a hin for (a) bull, one third of a hin
for the ram, and one fourth of a hin for (the) lamb, of wine. This is the
burnt-offering of each [Rosh] Chodesh, at its renewal throughout the months
of the year. |
14.
And for their libation to be offered with them, the half of a hin for a
bullock, the third of a hin for the ram, and the fourth of a hin for a lamb,
of the wine of grapes. This burnt sacrifice will be offered at the beginning
of every month in the time of the removal of the beginning of every month in
the year; |
|
15.
And [You will also bring] one he-goat for a sin offering to Adonai, in
addition to the constant (daily) burnt-offering it will be done, and its
libation. |
15.
and one kid of the goats, for a sin offering before the LORD at the
disappearing (failure) of the moon, with the perpetual burnt sacrifice will
you perform with its libation. |
Reading Assignment:
The
Torah Anthology: Yalkut Me’Am Lo’Ez - Vol IV: Israel in Egypt
By:
Rabbi Ya’aqob Culi
Published
by: Moznaim Publishing Corp. (New York, 1978)
Vol.
IV – “Israel in Egypt,” pp. 198-227.
Welcome to the World of P’shat
Exegesis
In
order to understand the finished work of the P’shat mode of interpretation of
the Torah, one needs to take into account that the P’shat is intended to
produce a catechetical output, whereby a question/s is/are raised and an
answer/s is/are given using the seven Hermeneutic Laws of R. Hillel and as well
as the laws of Hebrew Grammar and Hebrew expression.
The
Seven Hermeneutic Laws of R. Hillel are as follows
[cf.
http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=472&letter=R]:
1.
Ḳal va-ḥomer:
"Argumentum a minori ad majus" or "a majori ad minus";
corresponding to the scholastic proof a fortiori.
2.
Gezerah shavah:
Argument from analogy. Biblical passages containing synonyms or homonyms are
subject, however much they differ in other respects, to identical definitions
and applications.
3.
Binyan ab mi-katub eḥad: Application of a provision found in one passage
only to passages which are related to the first in content but do not contain
the provision in question.
4.
Binyan ab mi-shene ketubim:
The same as the preceding, except that the provision is generalized from two
Biblical passages.
5.
Kelal u-Peraṭ and Peraṭ u-kelal: Definition of the general by the
particular, and of the particular by the general.
6.
Ka-yoẓe bo mi-maḳom aḥer: Similarity in content to another
Scriptural passage.
7.
Dabar ha-lamed me-'inyano:
Interpretation deduced from the context.
Rashi’s Commentary for: Sh’mot (Exodus) 8:16 - 9:35
16 Say to Aaron-It was inappropriate for
the dust to be smitten through Moses since it had protected him when he slew
the Egyptian and had hidden him in the sand. [Therefore,] it was smitten
through Aaron [instead].-[from Tanchuma, Va’era 14, Exod. Rabbah 10:7]
17 and the lice were-The swarming,
pedoiliee in Old French, the swarming of lice. [This accounts for the singular
verb form.]
18 to bring out the lice To create them
(another version: to bring them out) from someplace else.
but they
could not-Because a demon has no power over a creature smaller
than a barleycorn.-[from Sanh. 67b, Tanchuma, Va’era 14, Exod. Rabbah 10: 7]
19 It is the finger of God-This plague is
not through sorcery; it is from the Omnipresent.-[from Exod. Rabbah 10:7]
as the
Lord had spoken - “But Pharaoh will not hearken to you” (Exod. 7:4).
20 incite against you-Heb. מְשַׁלֵּחַ בְּךָ, incite against you. Similarly, “and the
tooth of beasts I will incite against them” (Deut. 32:24), an expression of
inciting, antiziyer in Old French, to incite, to set upon.-[from Jonathan]
a mixture
of noxious creatures-[which includes] all species of wild beasts, snakes,
and scorpions in a mixture, and they were destroying among them [i.e., among
the Egyptians]. There is a reason [given] for this matter in the Aggadah,
[i.e.,] for each plague, why this one and why that one. Following a king’s war
strategy did He come upon them [the Egyptians], according to the order of a
kingdom when it besieges a city. First they [the King’s army] destroy its [the
city’s] springs, and then they blow and sound rams’ horns to frighten them and
confuse them; thus did the frogs croak and make noise, etc., as is stated in
the Midrash of Rabbi Tanchuma (Bo 4).
22 And I will
separate-Heb. וְהִפְלֵיתִי, and I will set apart. Similarly, “And the
Lord will set apart” (Exod. 9:4), and similarly, “it is not separated from you”
(Deut. 30:11); it is [not] set apart and separated from you.-[from Onkelos]
in order
that you know that I am the Lord in the midst of the earth-Although
My Shechinah is in heaven, My decree is fulfilled in the lower worlds.-[from
Onkelos]
23 And I will make a redemption-which will
set apart My people from your people.
24 the land was destroyed Heb. תִּשָּׁחֵת
הָאָרֶץ [Onkelos renders:] the land was destroyed.
25 Go, sacrifice… in the land-in your
place, and do not go into the desert.
26 the abomination of the Egyptians-Heb. תּוֹעֲבַת
מִצְרַיִם, the deity of the Egyptians, like “and for
Milcom, the abomination of the children of Ammon” (II Kings 23:13), but for the
Jews, [Scripture] calls it an abomination. It may also be explained in another
manner:
the
abomination of the Egyptians Our slaughtering is a hateful thing to the Egyptians,
for we are slaughtering their deity.
and they
will not stone us- This is a question.
29 tease-Heb. הָתֵל, [like] לְהָתֵל, to tease. [The literal translation is: let
Pharaoh stop teasing.]
30 and entreated the Lord-Heb. וַיֶּעְתַּר, he exerted himself in prayer. Similarly,
if [Scripture] meant to say VIYA’ETIR, it could have said it, and that would
mean that he increased [words] in prayer. Now, however, because it uses the
VIYIP’AL form, it means that he exerted himself to pray [devoutly].
31 and He removed the mixture of noxious
creatures-But they did not die as the frogs had died, for had they [the creatures]
died, they [the Egyptians] would have derived benefit from the [animals’]
hides.-[from Tanchuma, Va’era 14]
32 this time also-Although he said, “I
will let you go out,” he did not keep his promise.
2 hold on to them Heb. מַחֲזִיק
בָּם,
hold on to them, similar to “and take hold of his private parts” (Deut. 25:11).
3 behold, the hand of the Lord will be-Heb.
הוֹיָה. This is the present tense, for so it is
said in the feminine gender: in the past HAY’TAH, in the future TIHYEH, and in
the present HOYAH, like O’OSEH (does), ROTSAH (wants), ROAH (pastures).
4 will make a separation-Heb. וְהִפְלָה, will set apart.
8 handfuls- Jaloynes in Old French,
double handfuls.
furnace
soot-Heb. פִּיחַ, a substance blown (NIPACH) from dying
embers that were burned in a furnace, and in Old French [it is called] olbes,
cinders from a furnace. פִּיחַ is an expression of blowing (HAFACHEH),
that the wind blows them (M’FICHAN) and makes them fly.
and Moses
shall cast it And anything cast with strength can be cast only with
one hand. Hence there are many miracles [here], one that Moses [single] handful
held his own double handfuls and those of Aaron, and [another miracle was] that
the dust went over the entire land of Egypt.-[from Tanchuma Va’era 14]
9 boils, breaking out into blisters-As
the Targum [Onkelos] renders: “through which blisters break out.”
boils-Heb. שְׁחִין, an expression of heat. There are many
[examples of this word] in the language of the Mishnah: “a hot (SH’CHUNAH)
year” (Yoma 53b, Ta’anith 24b).
10 upon man and upon beast-Now if you ask,
“From where did they have beasts? Does it not say already, ‘and all the
livestock of the Egyptians died’ (above, verse 6)?” [I will answer that] the
decree was leveled only upon those in the field, as it is said: “upon your
livestock that is in the field” (above, verse 3), but he who feared the word of
the Lord brought all his livestock into the houses, and so it is taught in the
Mechilta (Beshallach 1) regarding “He took six hundred chosen chariots” (Exod.
14:7).-[See Rashi on that verse.]
14 all My plagues-We learn from here that
the plague of the firstborn (MAKAT B’KHOROT) is equivalent to all the plagues.
15 For if now I had stretched forth My hand,
etc.-For if I had so desired, when My hand was upon your livestock, when I
smote them with pestilence, I could have stretched it forth and smitten you and
your people along with the beasts, and you would have been annihilated from the
earth; “but for this [reason] I have allowed you to stand, etc.”
17 If you still tread upon My people Heb. מִסְתּוֹלֵל, as the Targum [Onkelos] renders: “tyrannized
over My people.” This is an expression of a
highway (M’SILAH) (Num. 20:19), rendered by the Targum OREKH K’VISHA, a trodden
road, and in Old French, calcher, to trample underfoot. I already explained at
the end of [the section entitled] VAY’HI MIQETZ (Gen. 44:16) that in every word
of which the first root letter is “sammech,” when used in the “hithpa’el” form,
the “tav” of the prefix is placed in the middle of the root letters, such as
here, and such as “and the grasshopper will drag itself along (וְיִסְתַּבֵּל) ” (Eccl. 12:5) from the root סבל “that you rule (תִשְׂתָּרֵר) over us” (Num. 16:13), an expression of a
prince (SAR) and a ruler; “I looked (מִסְתַּכַּל)” (Dan. 7:8). [Actually, the word is מִשְׂתַּכַּל, but the same rule applies for a “shin” as
for a “sammech.”]
18 at this time tomorrow-[Heb. כָּעֵת
מָחָר
lit., at the time tomorrow, meaning] at this time tomorrow. He made a scratch
on the wall [to demonstrate that] “Tomorrow, when the sun reaches here, the
hail will come down.”-[from Tanchuma, Va’era 16]
its being
founded-Heb. הִוָּסְדָה, when it was founded (NISYASDAH). Every
word whose first root letter is “yud,” like יסד to found, ילד, to bear, ידע, to know, [and] יסר, to chastise, when it is used in the passive
voice, a “vav” replaces the yud, like “its being founded הִוָּסְדָה”; “she was born (הִוָּלְדָהּ)” (Hos. 2:5); “And… became known (וַיִּוָּדַע)” (Esther 2:22); “And to Joseph were born (וַיִּוָּלֵד)” (Gen. 46:20); “A slave cannot be
chastised (יִוָּסֶר) with words” (Prov. 29:19).
19 send, gather in-Heb. הָעֵז as the Targum [Onkelos] renders: SH’LACH K’NOSH send, gather
in. Likewise, “the inhabitants gathered הֵעִיזוּ” (Isa. 10:31); “Gather (הָעִזוּ) the sons of Benjamin” (Jer. 6:1).
and not
brought into the house-Heb. יֵאָסֵף, an expression of bringing in.
20 drove-Heb. הֵנִיס, caused to flee, an expression derived
from “and fled (וַיָּנָס) ” (Exod. 4:3).
22 heavenward-Heb. עַל-הַשָּׁמַיִם, lit., over the heavens. Toward the
heavens. According to the Midrash Aggadah (Tanchuma, Va’era 15), however, [it
means that] the Holy One, blessed be He, raised Moses above the heavens.
24 flaming within the hail [This was] a
miracle within a miracle. The fire and hail intermingled. Although hail is
water, to perform the will of their Maker they made peace between themselves
[that the hail did not extinguish the fire nor did the fire melt the
hail].-[from Tanchuma, Va’era 14]
28 and let it be enough-It is enough for
Him what He has already brought down.-[after Jonathan ben Uzziel]
29 When I leave the city-Heb. כְּצֵאתִי
אֶת-הָעִיר, [equivalent to] MIN-HA’IR, [lit., when I
go out] from the city, but within the city he did not pray, because it was full
of idols.-[from Exod. Rabbah 12:5]
30 you still do not fear-Heb. טֶרֶם
תִּירְאוּן, you do not yet fear, and so every
[instance of] טֶרֶם in the Scriptures means “not yet,” and it
is not a term meaning “before.” [This is] like טֶרֶם,
יִשְׁכָּבוּ, [which Onkelos renders:] AD LO SH’KIVU,
“They had not yet retired” (Gen. 19:4); טֶרֶם
יִצְמָח, [which Onkelos renders:] AD LO TS’MACH, “neither did...yet
grow” (Gen. 2:5). This too means the same. [I.e.,] I know that you still do not
fear [God], and as soon as relief comes, you will continue in your
corruption.-[from Onkelos]
31 though the flax and the barley have been
broken-Heb. נֻכָּתָה, has been broken, an expression similar to
“Pharaoh-Neco (פַרְעֹה
נְכֹה)
” [the lame Pharaoh] (II Kings 23:29); “broken- hearted (נְכָאִים) ” (Isa. 16:7); and likewise, “have not
been broken (נֻכּוּ)” (below, verse 32). It is incorrect to
interpret it as an expression of smiting (HAKA’AH), because a “nun” does not
come in place of a “hey,” that נֻכָּתָה should be explained like HUKATAH, smitten,
and MUKU like HUKU, smitten. The “nun” is, however, a root letter in the word,
and it is of the same form as “and his bones are dislocated (שֻׁפּוּ)” (Job 33:21).
for the
barley is in the ear-It has already ripened and is standing in its stalks,
and they have been broken and have fallen. Likewise, the flax has already grown
and has become hardened [enough] to stand in its stalks.
the
barley is in the ear-Heb. אָבִיב, it has stood in its stalks, an
expression like “the green plants of (בְּאִבֵּי) the valley ” (Song of Songs 6:11).
32 because they ripen late-Heb. אֲפִילֹת, late, and they were still tender and were
able to withstand the hard [hail]. Although it says: “and the hail struck all
the vegetation of the field” (verse 25), the simple meaning of the verse may be
explained as referring to the herbs that were standing in their stalks, which
could be smitten by the hail. In the Midrash of Rabbi Tanchuma (Va’era 16),
some of our Rabbis differed with this and interpreted כִּי
אֲפִילֹת to mean that “wonders of wonders” were wrought for them, that
they were not smitten.
33 did not come down-Heb. לֹא-נִתַּךְ, did not reach. Even those [hailstones]
that were in the air did not reach the ground.
Ketubim: Targum Tehillim (Psalms) 47:1-10
|
Judaica Press |
Targum on the Psalms |
|
1. For the conductor; of the sons of Korah, a song. |
1.
For praise, by the sons of Korah, a psalm. |
|
2.
All peoples, clap hands; shout to God with a
voice of praise. |
2.
All you peoples, clap hands in joy, shout in the presence of the LORD with
the sound of praise. |
|
3.
For the Lord is Most High; yea, feared; a great
King over all the earth. |
3.
For the LORD Most High is to be feared, a great king over all the earth. |
|
4.
He shall plague peoples in our stead and kingdoms
under our feet. |
4.
He will slay the peoples by plague instead of us, and He will subdue the
Gentiles under our feet. |
|
5.
He shall choose our inheritance for us, the pride
of Jacob, which He loves forever. |
5.
He will favour us to inherit our heritage, the sanctuary of Jacob whom He
loves forever. |
|
6.
God shall be exalted with the trumpet blast; the
Lord, with the sound of the shofar. |
6.
Let the LORD be exalted with a shout, the LORD with the sound of the trumpet. |
|
7.
Sing to God, sing; sing to our King, sing. |
7.
Sing praise in the presence of the LORD, sing praise; sing praise to our
king, sing praise! |
|
8.
For God is the King of all the earth; sing a song
composed with wisdom. |
8.
For the LORD is king over all inhabitants of the earth; sing praise before
Him with good understanding. |
|
9.
God has reigned over nations; God has sat upon
His holy throne. |
9.
The LORD is king over the peoples; the LORD sits on His holy throne. |
|
10.
The volunteers of the peoples have assembled, the
people of the God of Abraham, for God has the shields of the earth; He is
exceedingly exalted. |
10.
The leaders of the Gentiles have gathered, the Gentiles who believe in the
God of Abraham, for in the presence of the LORD they are the shields of the
earth; He has been greatly exalted. |
|
|
|
Rashi’s Commentary for:
Psalm 47:1-10
2 clap hands Join together with one
another to shout to God with a voice of praise.
4 He will plague peoples in our stead
Heb. יַדְבֵּר
עַמִּים
תַּחְתֵּינוּ, He will afflict the peoples with a plague
(DEVER) instead of our soul(s) so that His wrath will subside through them, and
we will be saved, as the matter that is stated (Isa. 43:3): “I have given Egypt
as your ransom, etc.” Menachem, however, associated it with an expression of
leading (p. 61).
5 He will choose...for us and restore us
to its midst. Then He will be exalted with the trumpet blast and the sound of
the shofar that we will sound before Him over the burnt offerings and the peace
offerings, and we will say, “Sing to God, etc.”
9 God has reigned over nations So will
everyone say.
God has
sat upon His holy throne Now the throne is complete and the greatness is
recognized, and they will declare that the volunteers of the people have
gathered to His city.
10 The volunteers of the peoples Who
offered themselves to the slaughter, to be slain for the sanctity of His name.
the
people of the God of Abraham who was the first volunteer, the first of the
proselytes [he was the first to volunteer himself to proselytize]. Now it is
known that
God has
the shields of the earth and He has the power to be a shield for all who trust
in Him.
Ashlamatah: Isaiah 34:11 –
35:2, 10
|
JPS Version |
Targum of Isaiah |
|
1.
Come near, you nations, to hear, and attend, you peoples; let the earth hear,
and the fullness thereof, the world, and all things that come forth. |
1.
Draw near, O peoples, to hear, and hearken, O kingdoms! Let the earth listen,
and all that fills it; the world, and all that reside in it. |
|
2.
For the LORD has indignation against all the nations, and fury against all
their host; He has utterly destroyed them, He has delivered them to the
slaughter. |
2.
For there is anger before the LORD against all the Gentiles, and slaughter
against all their armies, he has declared them sinners, handed them over for
slaughter. |
|
3.
Their slain also will be cast out, and the stench of their carcasses will
come up, and the mountains will be melted with their blood. |
3.
Their slain will be cast out, and the smoke of their corpses shall rise; the
mountains shall flow with their blood. |
|
4.
And all the host of heaven will moulder away, and the heavens will be rolled
together as a scroll; and all their host will fall down, as the leaf falls
off from the vine, and as a falling fig from the fig- tree. |
4.
All the forces of heaven will melt completely and be wiped from under the
skies just as was said concerning them in the scroll. All their armies will
come to an end as leaves fall from a vine, like what is withered from a fig. |
|
5.
For My sword has drunk its fill in heaven; behold, it will come down upon
Edom, and upon the people of My ban, to judgment. |
5.
For My sword will be revealed in the heavens; behold it will be revealed for
the judgment upon Edom, upon the people I have declared sinners. |
|
6.
The sword of the LORD is filled with blood, it is made fat with fatness, with
the blood of lambs and goats, with the fat of the kidneys of rams; for the
LORD has a sacrifice in Bozrah, and a great slaughter in the land of Edom. |
6.
The sword from the LORD is sated with blood, it is gorged with fat, with the
blood of kings and rulers, with the fat of the kidneys of princes. For there is
slaughter from the LORD in Bozrah, and great sacrifice in the land of Edom. |
|
7.
And the wild-oxen will come down with them, and the bullocks with the bulls;
and their land will be drunken with blood, and their dust made fat with
fatness. |
7.
Mighty ones will be killed with them, and rulers with tyrants. Their land
will be soaked with their blood, and their soil made rich with their fat. |
|
8.
For the LORD has a day of vengeance, a year of recompense for the controversy
of Zion. |
8.
For there is a day of vengeance before the LORD, a year of recompense, to
take just retribution for the mortification of Zion. |
|
9.
And the streams thereof will be turned into pitch, and the dust thereof into
brimstone, and the land thereof will become burning pitch. |
9.
And the streams of Rome will be turned into pitch, and her soil into
brimstone; her land will become burning pitch. |
|
10.
It will not be quenched night nor day, the smoke thereof will go up forever;
from generation to generation it will lie waste: none will pass through it
forever and ever. |
10.
Night and day it will not be quenched; its smoke will go up forever. From
generation to generation it will be desolate; none will pass through it
forever and ever. |
|
11.
But the pelican and the bittern will possess it, and the owl and the raven
will dwell therein; and He will stretch over it the line of confusion, and
the plummet of emptiness. |
11.
But pelicans and porcupines will possess it, owls and ravens will dwell in
it. The line of desolation and the plummet of devastation will be stretched
over it. |
|
12.
As for her nobles, none will be there to be called to the kingdom; and all
her princes will be nothing. |
12.
They were saying, We are free, and did not wish to accept a kingdom over
them, and all its princes will be for nothing. |
|
13.
And thorns will come up in her palaces, nettles and thistles in the
fortresses thereof; and it will be a habitation of wild-dogs, an enclosure
for ostriches. |
13.
Thorns will grow over its palaces, and nettles and thistles in the stronghold
of its fortresses. It will be a haunt of jackals, a place for ostriches. |
|
14.
And the wild-cats will meet with the jackals, and the satyr will cry to his
fellow; yea, the night-monster will repose there, and will find her a place
of rest. |
14.
And wild beasts will meet with cats, demons will play, one with his fellow;
yea, there will night hags lie, and find for themselves a resting place. |
|
16.
There will the arrow-snake make her nest, and lay, and hatch, and brood under
her shadow; yea, there will the kites be gathered, everyone with her mate. |
15.
There woll a porcupine nest and lay and their young mew in her shadow; yea,
thence will kites be gathered, each one with her mate. |
|
16.
Seek out of the book of the LORD, and read; no one of these will be missing,
none will want her mate; for My mouth it has commanded, and the breath
thereof it has gathered them. |
16.
Seek and search in the book of the LORD: not one of these is missing; no
female is without her mate. For by His Memra they will be gathered, and by His
pleasure they will draw near. |
|
17.
And He has cast the lot for them, and His hand has divided it unto them by
line; they will possess it forever, from generation to generation will they
dwell therein. {S} |
17.
He by his Memra has cast the lot for them, by His pleasure he has portioned
it out to them with the line; they will possess it forever, from generation
to generation they will dwell in it. |
|
|
|
|
1.
The wilderness and the parched land will be glad; and the desert will
rejoice, and blossom as the rose. |
1.
Those who dwell in the wilderness, in a thirsty land will be glad, those who
settle in the desert will rejoice and blossom like lilies. |
|
2.
It will blossom abundantly, and rejoice, even with joy and singing; the glory
of Lebanon will be given unto it, the excellence of Carmel and Sharon; they
will see the glory of the LORD, the excellence of our God. {P} |
2.
They will exult abundantly, and rejoice with joy and gladness. The glory of
Lebanon will be given to them, the brilliance of Carmel and Sharon. The house
of Israel - these things are said to them they will see the glory of the
LORD, the brilliance the celebrity of our God. |
|
3.
Strengthen the weak hands, and make firm the tottering knees. |
3.
The prophet said, Strengthen weak hands, and make firm feeble knees. |
|
4.
Say to them that are of a fearful heart: 'Be strong, fear not'; behold, your
God will come with vengeance, with the recompense of God He will come and
save you. |
4.
Say to those who are eager in their heart to perform the law, "Be
strong, fear not! Behold, your God is revealed to take just retribution, the
LORD is master of recompenses, He will be revealed and save you." |
|
5.
Then the eyes of the blind will be opened, and the ears of the deaf will be
unstopped. |
5.
Then the eyes of the house of Israel, that were as blind to the Law, will be
opened, and their ears, which were as deaf to listen to the sayings of the
prophets, will listen; |
|
6.
Then will the lame man leap as a hart, and the tongue of the dumb will sing;
for in the wilderness will waters break out, and streams in the desert. |
6.
then, when they see the exiles of Israel who are gathered and going up to
their land, even as swift harts, and not to be checked, their tongue which
was dumb will sing for joy. For waters have broken out in the wilderness, and
streams in the deserts; |
|
7.
And the parched land will become a pool, and the thirsty ground springs of
water; in the habitation of jackals herds will lie down, it will be an
enclosure for reeds and rushes. |
7.
and the parched ground will become pools of water, and the thirsty area
springs of water; the place where jackals dwell, there reeds and rushes will
increase. |
|
8.
And a highway will be there, and a way, and it will be called The way of
holiness; the unclean will not pass over it; but it will be for those; the
wayfaring men, yea fools, will not err therein. |
8.
And a fine highway will be there, it will be called the way of holiness; the
unclean will not pass over it, and wayfarers will not cease, and those who
have not learned will not err. |
|
9.
No lion will be there, nor will any ravenous beast go up thereon, they will
not be found there; but the redeemed will walk there; |
9.
No king who does evil will be there, nor any ruler who distresses pass
through it; they will not be found there, but the redeemed will walk there. |
|
10.
And the ransomed of the LORD will return, and come with singing unto Zion,
and everlasting joy will be upon their heads; they will obtain gladness and
joy, and sorrow and sighing will flee away. {S} |
10.
And the redeemed of the LORD will be gathered from among their exiles, and
come to Zion with singing; everlasting joy shall be theirs, that does not
cease, and a cloud of glory will cover your heads; they will obtain joy and
gladness, and sorrow and sighing will cease from them, from the house of
Israel. |
|
|
|
Special Ashlamatah: Isaiah 66:1, 23-24
|
JPS Version |
Targum of Isaiah |
|
1.
Thus says the LORD: The heaven is My throne, and the earth is My footstool;
where is the house that you may build unto Me? And where is the place that
may be My resting-place? |
1.
Thus says the LORD: “The heavens are the throne of my glory and the earth is
a highway before Me; what is the house that you would build before Me, and
what is the place of the dwelling of My Shekhinah? |
|
23.
And it will come to pass, that from one new moon to another, and from one
Sabbath to another, will all flesh come to worship before Me, says the LORD. |
23.
From new moon to new moon, and from Sabbath to Sabbath, all the sons of flesh
will come to worship before Me says the LORD. |
|
24.
And they will go forth, and look upon the carcasses of the men that have
rebelled against Me; for their worm will not die, neither will their fire be
quenched; and they will be an abhorring unto all flesh. |
24.
And they will go forth and look on the bodies of the sinful men who have
rebelled against My MEMRA: for their breaths will not die and their fire will
not be quenched, and the wicked/lawless will be judged in Gehenna until the
righteous/generous will say concerning them, We have seen enough!” |
|
|
|
Mark (Mordechai) 6:33-44
Delitzsch
Hebrew Rendition
33וְהֶהָמוֹן
רָאָה אוֹתָם
יֹצְאִים
וַיַּכִּירֻהוּ
רַבִּים
וַיָּרוּצוּ
שָׁמָּה בְּרַגְלֵיהֶם
מִכָּל
הֶעָרִים
וַיַּעַבְרוּ
אוֹתָם
וַיֵּאָסְפוּ
אֵלָיו׃
34וַיֵּצֵא
יֵשׁוּעַ
וַיַּרְא
הֲמוֹן עַם
רָב
וַיֶּהֱמוּ
מֵעָיו לָהֶם
כִּי הָיוּ
כַּצֹּאן
אֲשֶׁר
אֵין־לָהֶם רֹעֶה
וַיָּחֶל
לְלַמֵּד
אוֹתָם
דְּבָרִים הַרְבֵּה׃
35וַיְהִי
כַּאֲשֶׁר
רָפָה
הַיּוֹם
לַעֲרוֹב
וַיִּגְּשׁוּ
אֵלָיו
תַּלְמִידָיו
וַיֹּאמְרוּ
הִנֵּה
הַמָּקוֹם
חָרֵב
וְהַיּוֹם רַד
מְאֹד׃
36שַׁלַּח
אוֹתָם
וְיֵלְכוּ
אֶל־הַחֲצֵרִים
וְהַכְּפָרִים
מִסָּבִיב
לִקְנוֹת
לָהֶם לָחֶם
כִּי
אֵין־לָהֶם
מַה־שֶּׁיֹּאכֵלוּ׃
37וַיַּעַן
וַיּאֹמֶר
אֲלֵיהֶם
תְּנוּ אַתֶּם
לָהֶם
לֶאֱכֹל
וַיֹּאמְרוּ
אֵלָיו הֲנֵלֵךְ
לִקְנוֹת
לֶחֶם
בְּמָאתַיִם
דִּינָר לָתֵת
לָהֶם
לֶאֱכֹל׃
38וַיֹּאמֶר
אֲלֵיהֶם
כַּמָּה
כִכְּרוֹת־לֶחֶם
יֵשׁ לָכֶם
לְכוּ
וּרְאוּ
וַיֵּדְעוּ וַיֹּאמְרוּ
חָמֵשׁ
וּשְׁנֵי
דָגִים׃
39וַיְצַו
אוֹתָם
לָשֶׁבֶת
כֻּלָּם
חֲבֻרָה חֲבֻרָה
לְבַד
עַל־יְרַק
הַדֶּשֶׁא׃
40וַיֵּשְׁבוּ
שׁוּרוֹת
שׁוּרוֹת
לְמֵאוֹת
וְלַחֲמִשִּׁים׃
41וַיִּקַּח
אֶת־חֲמֵשֶׁת
כִּכְּרוֹת
הַלֶּחֶם
וְאֶת־שְׁנֵי
הַדָּגִים
וַיִּשָׂא עֵינָיו
הַשָּׁמַיְמָה
וַיְבָרֶךְ
וַיִּפְרֹס
אֶת־הַלֶּחֶם
וַיִּתֵּן
לְתַלְמִידָיו
לָשׂוּם
לִפְנֵיהֶם
וְאֶת־שְׁנֵי
הַדָּגִים
חִלֵּק
לְכֻלָּם׃
42וַיֹּאכְלוּ
כֻלָּם
וַיִּשְׂבָּעוּ׃
43וַיִּשְׂאוּ
מִן־הַפְּתוֹתִים
מְלוֹא סַלִּים
שְׁנֵים
עָשָׂר וְגַם
מִן־הַדָּגִים׃
44וְהָאֹכְלִים
מִן־הַלֶּחֶם
הָיוּ כַּחֲמֵשֶׁת
אַלְפֵי
אִישׁ׃
Murdoch’s Peshitta Translation
33.
But many saw them, as they departed, and knew them; and from all the cities,
they ran thither by land before him.
34.
And Jesus disembarked and saw great multitudes: and he compassionated them,
because they were like sheep having no shepherd. And he began to teach them
many things.
35.
And when the time was advanced, his disciples came to him, and said to him:
This is a desert place, and the time is advanced.
36.
Dismiss them, that they may go into the fields around us and into the villages,
and may buy themselves bread; for they have nothing to eat.
37.
And he said to them: Give ye them to eat. They say to him: Shall we go and buy
bread of the value of two hundred denarii, and give them to eat?
38.
And he said to them: Go, see how many loaves ye have here. And when they had
seen, they say to him: Five loaves and two fishes.
39.
And he bid them make the people recline on the grass by companies.
40.
And they reclined, by companies of a hundred, and of fifty.
41.
And he took the five loaves and the two fishes, and looked towards heaven, and
blessed and brake the bread, and gave to his disciples to set before them: and
they divided [also] the two fishes among them all.
42.
And they all ate, and were satisfied.
43.
And they took up twelve baskets full of the fragments and of the fishes.
44.
And they who had eaten bread were five thousand men.
Etheridge’s Peshitta Translation
33.
And many saw them as they went, and knew them; and into the waste ran they from
all the cities, and were there before him.
34.
And Jeshu coming forth beheld the great assemblies, and had compassion upon
them, they being like sheep which had no shepherd; and he began to teach them
many things.
35.
And when much time had passed, the disciples came to him and said to him, This
place is waste, and the time is great;
36.
Send them away to go to the farms around us and into the villages, and buy for
themselves bread, for they have nothing to eat.
37.
But he said to them, Give you them to eat. They said to him, Shall we go and
buy bread for two hundred dinoreen, and give them to eat?
38.
But he said, Go see how many loaves you have here; and when they had seen, they
said to him, Five loaves and two fishes.
39.
And he directed that they should make them all recline in companies upon the
herbage;
40.
And they reclined in companies, by hundreds and by fifties.
41.
And he took the five loaves and the two fishes, and looked up to heaven, and
blessed, and brake the bread, and gave to his disciples to set before them: and
those two fishes they divided among them all,
42.
And they all did eat and were satisfied.
43.
And they took up the broken pieces, twelve baskets full, and from the fishes.
44.
Now they who had eaten bread were five thousand men.
Hakham’s Rendition:
33.
And the many congregations saw them going, and they recognized them. And
they ran together on foot from all the cities and came before them, and came
together to him.
34.
And Y'shua going out and saw a large congregation, and he had compassion
on them, for they were resembling “sheep who had no shepherd” (Numbers 27:17;
Ezekiel 34:5). And he began to teach them many [“commandments,” or “words”].
35.
Then when the time became late, drawing near to him, the [his] Talmidim
said, "This place is deserted and the time is late.
36.
Send them away, that going away to the surrounding fields and villages they may
buy bread for themselves. For they do not have what they may eat.”
37.
And answering, he said to them, "You give them something to eat." And
they said to him, "Going, should we buy two hundred Denarii of bread and
give them to eat?"
38.
And he said to them, "How many loaves do you have? Go and see." And
when they saw, they said to him, "Five loaves of bread and two fish."
39.
And he commanded them all to recline, eating-group (Greek: “Symposium”)
by eating-group upon the green grass.
40.
And they sat by groups of hundreds and fifties.
41.
And taking the five loaves and the two fish, looking up to Heaven he blessed [G-d
for the bread and the fishes] and broke the loaves and giving out to his
disciples to place before them (the many groups of people). And he divided the
two fish to all.
42.
And all ate and were satisfied.
43.
And they took up twelve hand-baskets full of fragments, and also from the fish.
44.
And those eating the loaves were about five thousand men.
Commentary:
The
term translated in vv. 33-35 as “many,” “large,” and “late” are in Greek
derivatives of the Greek word “πολύς/πολλός”
(Polus/Polos – Strong’s G4143). This term figures five times in
verses 33-35. Marcus[1]
attributes this repetition “to emphasize the greatness of the need that the
Master confronts” and the “many” of v.34 “pointing to the sufficiency of his response
to the challenge.” It is interesting that the last clause/sentence of v. 34
literally reads: “And he began to teach them many.” The word “things” is
added by the translators as a logical conclusion to the clause/sentence. Delitzsch
has “דְּבָרִים” (D’varim) which in Hebrew can mean “things,” “words,”
or “commandments.” In the Aramaic we have the same case as the Greek where one
needs to supply what “many” did the Master taught these people. All
translations in the Hebrew have “D’varim” and one must agree with this. But in
using the Hebrew term “D’varim” we need to specify what this is in this
particular case. One would say, that the “things” being taught by the Master
was most definitely NOT Systematic or Dogmatic Theology 101, but rather the
commandments of G-d as rightly interpreted by those who sit in the seat of
Mosheh Rabbenu to this very day.
This
is intimated by Marcus[2]
when he states on relation to the statement in v. 34: “sheep who had no
shepherd”:
“Mark is probably
drawing on Jewish tradition that sees the Torah, the teachings of Moses, as the
divine response to the dilemma of the shepherdless sheep of Israel (see Ps.
119:176; Philo Posterity and Exile of Cain 67-69; 2 Apoc. Bar.
76:13-14). ... In Numbers 27:17, Moses’ request that God appoint a shepherd in
his place is answered by God pointing to Joshua (Greek IESOUS = Jesus), “a man
in whom is the Spirit.” In light of this
sequence, one wonders whether a Joshua/Jesus typology maybe at the back of
Mark’s mind: Jesus, too, is a successor of Moses in whom God’s Spirit dwells
(see 1:9-11) ... Joshua, moreover, was remembered as one like Moses.”
It
becomes then obvious that the “many” things that the Master taught were the
many commandments in the Torah, particularly regarding one important topic
which will become more clearer in later verses of this pericope.
v.
37 - And answering, he said to them, "You give them something to
eat." And they said to him, "Going, should we buy two hundred Denarii
of bread and give them to eat?" - Lohmeyer[3]
points to the fact that according to Matityahu 20:1-16 a denarius was a typical
day-wage for a labourer. Therefore when the Talmidim speak of 200 denarii, this
is equivalent to about half year wages.
v.
38 - And he said to them, "How many loaves do you have? Go and see."
And when they saw, they said to him, "Five loaves of bread and two
fish." - Marcus[4]
correctly points out that this miracle is not alluding to the giving of the
manna, but rather, to the narratives of Elisha and Elijah in 1 Kings 17:8-16; 2
Kings 4:1-7; and more specifically to 2 Kings 4:42-44.
The
Greek word used here for “loaves” is ἄρτος
(ARTOS). And five loaves are representing the vive books of the Torah known as
Chumashim, as it is said: “Come, eat of my bread, and drink of the wine which I
have mingled” (Prov. 9:5), and “And He afflicted you, and suffered you to
hunger, and fed you with manna, which you knew not, neither did your fathers
know; that He might make you know that man does not live by bread alone, but by
everything/word that proceeds out of the mouth of the LORD does man live”
(Deut. 9:3).
If
to the five loafs of bread representing the Chumash we add 2 fishes (for
something to be established requires two witnesses – Yehudah and Yisrael) we
come to the sum of “seven” articles, indicating the that these events took
place on the onset of a festival Sabbath. Further, the word “recline” in “And
he commanded them all to recline” (v.39) provides with a hint as to what
festival Sabbath the passage alludes to.
This
week in the Torah Seder we are given also a hint as to in what month the events
of the plague of hail and fire (Heb. BARAD) took place – “For the barley is in the ear – (Heb. אָבִיב) – Exodus 9:31. Now the month of AVIV is
the same as the month of NISAN, and we all know what major festival takes place
on the month of Nisan. What is interesting, from a Lectionary perspective, is
that we are about to enter the Month of KISLEV which also has a long
semi-festival like Pesach in Nisan. It appears then that the Torah is equating
in this cycle, the “redemption” from Egypt with the “redemption” from the
Greeks. There is a difference though, in the first redemption we were extracted
from Egypt, but in the redemption of Chanukah the Greek powers were expelled
from our land.
Further, we are informed that: “And he commanded them
all to recline, eating-group (Greek: “Symposium”) by eating-group (Greek:
“Symposium”) upon the green grass." Now in Israel grass only grows in the dessert during
Spring time, so here we are furnished another clue as to when these vents took
place.
v.
40 - And they sat by groups of hundreds and fifties – Implicit here is good
counsel as to how big a Nazarean congregation should be: - i.e. between 50 –
100 males over the age of 14. Anything over this amount becomes a circus rather
than a congregation. Now in v. 44 we read: “And they who had eaten bread were
five thousand men.” If we divide 5,000 by 100 we have 50. And if we divide
5,000 by 50 we have 100. If we average the two results (50 & 100) we arrive
at ball-park figure of around 75 congregations, and Rabbinically rounding of
that figure we come to 80. Now the Festival of Chanukah which is also a
festival of “redemption” like that of Passover, has “eight” days in which we
light one candle on the Chanukiah for each of the eight days. Thus, we are
reading this pericope of Mordechai in its proper time signifying the beginning
of the month of Kislev in which we celebrate the festival of Chanukah.
v.
43 - And they took up the broken pieces, twelve baskets full, and from the
fishes. –
The number twelve here is significant as it is representative of all Israel,
Also that the basket (i.e. the world) contained the broken fragments of Israel.
Here we have a veiled prophecy that in the same manner that the Matzah is
broken at Pesach, Israel was to be broken and thrust in pieces into the four
corners of the world to bring enlightment and civilization to the four corners
of the world, and to bring back all those of Israel that had integrated
themselves with the Gentiles.
The
fishes represent the Gentiles who join themselves to the Jewish people.
Some Questions to Ponder:
Next Shabbat:
|
Shabbat |
Torah
Reading: |
Weekday
Torah Reading: |
|
בֹּא
אֶל-פַּרְעֹה |
|
|
|
“Bo El-Par’oh” |
Reader 1 – Sh’mot 10:1-6 |
Reader 1 – Sh’mot 12:29-31 |
|
“Go in unto Pharaoh” |
Reader 2 – Sh’mot 10:7-15 |
Reader 2 – Sh’mot 12:31-33 |
|
“Preséntate
a Faraón” |
Reader 3 – Sh’mot 10:16-23 |
Reader 3 – Sh’mot 12:32-34 |
|
Shemot
(Exodus) Ex 10:1 – 12:28 |
Reader 4 – Sh’mot 10:24 – 11:3 |
|
|
Ashlamatah: 1
Samuel 6:6-14 |
Reader 5 – Sh’mot 11:4-10 |
|
|
|
Reader 6 – Sh’mot 12:1-13 |
Reader 1 – Sh’mot 12:29-31 |
|
Psalm 48:1-15 |
Reader 7 – Sh’mot 12:14-24 |
Reader 2 – Sh’mot 12:31-33 |
|
|
Maftir – Sh’mot 12:25-28 |
Reader 3 – Sh’mot 12:32-34 |
|
N.C.: Mark
6:45-48 |
1 Samuel 6:6-14 |
|
Reading
Assignment:
The
Torah Anthology: Yalkut Me’Am Lo’Ez - Vol V: Redemption
By:
Rabbi Ya’aqob Culi
Published
by: Moznaim Publishing Corp. (New York, 1978)
Vol.
V – “Redemption,” pp. 1-87.
Please
always remember:
The
above questions are not about how many you can answer right or wrong, or how
many you have answered at all, that is NOT the purpose of this exercise! The
REAL merit is in making an effort to attempt to answer as many as you can and
the best as you can! We run no competitions here! The competition if any is a
matter between you and Ha-Shem, most blessed be He! The questions are given to
help you grasp the mechanics of the Peshat level of Hermeneutics and to help
you understand Scripture from a legitimate Jewish perspective. So far, only few
brave souls have attempted to answer the questions posed. For those who have
not yet jumped into the pool of the brave, why not give it a try, even if you
answered a few questions that would be great and most encouraging for you and
the honourable members of this list!
Shalom
Shabbat!
Hakham
Dr. Yosef ben Haggai
Paqid
Mikha ben Hillel
[1] Marcus, J. (2000), The Anchor Bible: Mark 1-8 – A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary, New York: Doubleday, pp. 405-406.
[2] Marcus, J. (2000), The Anchor Bible: Mark 1-8 – A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary, New York: Doubleday, p. 406.
[3] Lohmeyer, E. (1951) Das Evangelium Des Markus, 11th ed. Meyer K., Gottingen: Vanderhoeck & Ruprecht, p, 126, n.3.
[4] Marcus, J. (2000), The Anchor Bible: Mark 1-8 – A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary, New York: Doubleday, p. 407.